\chapter{简化从句练习}
简化从句，即一般语法书所谓的非限定从句（Non-finite Clauses），是高度精简的句型。 这一章用sentence combining的形态来练习。

首先回顾一下简化从句的两大\emph{原则}：

\begin{enumerate}[label=\chinese{enumi}、]
    \item 对等从句中，相对应位置（主语与主语，动词与动词等）如果重复，择一弹性省略。
    \item 从属从句（名词从句、形容词从句与副词从句）中，省略主语与be动词两部分，留下补语。不过主语若非重复或空洞的元素，就应设法保留，以免句意改变。
\end{enumerate}
这两项原则的共同目的是为了增强句子的精简性：尽量删除重复或空洞元素，但以不伤害清楚性为前提。现借一些例句来练习。

\begin{example}

1. The patient had not responded to the standard treatment.

2. This fact greatly puzzled the medical team.

\end{example}
这两个简单句中，句2的主语this fact就是整个句1叙述的那件事。两句经由这个建立了关系，可考虑用关系从句（即形容词从句）连接起来。亦即把句2的交叉点this fact改写为关系词，附于句1上作关系从句，成为：

The patient had not responded to the standard treatment, which greatly puzzled the medical team. (不够清楚)

如此组合，短语上看可以，但修辞上有严重缺点：关系词which固然可代表逗号前的整句话，但也可以代表逗号前的名词the standard treatment(表示标准治疗方式本身令人困惑)。如此一来，犯了模棱两可(ambiguous)的毛病，即没有把意义表达清楚。

既然整个句1是句2主语this fact的内容，不妨把它改成名词从句（前面加上连接词that即可），然后直接置于句2中this fact的位置当主语使用，成为复句：

\uline{That the patient had not responded to the standard treatment} greatly puzzled the medical team.

这个句子中的名词从句（that引导的从句）可进一步简化，一般做法是删除主语与be动词。但此从句主语是the patient，在主要从句中并无重复，无法省略。动词had not responded其中也没有be动词可省略，该怎么做？

动词简化的通用\emph{原则}是：
\begin{enumerate}[label=\chinese{enumi}、]
    \item 有be动词即省略be动词；
    \item 有语气助动词则改为不定词；
    \item 除此之外的动词一律加上-ing保留下来。
\end{enumerate}
以had not responded这个动词而言，符合第三种情形，所以改写为not having responded，以取代原先的名词从句。原来的主语the patient改为所有格置于前面，再删除无意义的连接词that即完成了简化，成为：

\uline{The patient's not having responded to the standard treatment} greatly puzzled the medical team. 

另外，也可直接进行词类变化，把动词改写为名词后，成为：

\uline{The patient's failure to respond to the standard treatment} greatly puzzled the medical team.

\begin{example}

1.  The summer tourists are all gone.

2. The resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity(n. 心神稳定).
\end{example}

两句之间没有重复的元素，但有逻辑关系存在：在观光客走了之后，小镇才得以恢复平静。这时可用副词从句的方式，选择恰当的连接词（after,because,now that等）附在句1前面，再把句1与句2并列即可：

\uline{Now that the summer tourists are all gone}, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity.

Now that引导的副词从句若要进一步简化，关键在主语、动词两个部分。主语the summer tourists与主要从句并无重复，必须保留以免损害句意。动词部分有be动词，后面有补语(gone)。这时若去掉be动词，留下主语与补语，就破坏了副词从句的结构，可省略连接词now that，成为：

\uline{(With) the summer tourists all gone}, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity.

如果最前面没有加上with，而是以the summer tourists all gone直接代表一个简化的副词从句，这种讲法比较文诌诌，不够口语化。

较口语化的做法是，用介系词with来取代连接词now that的意义，而把the tourists放在with后面作它的宾语，all gone仍然作补语，即成为上句中多一个with在前面的句型。

\begin{example}
    
    1. Confucius must have written on pieces of bamboo.

    2. Confucius lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. 

    3. Paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
\end{example}
这三句话中，句1和句2有一个交叉：Confucius。可用关系从句的方式连接，将句2的Confucius改写为关系词who，成为：

(1+2) Confucius,who lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.

东周时代的孔子为什么要用竹简写字？因为句3：纸到东汉时期才有。句3的内容表示原因，所以用副词从句的方式---外加连接词because成为副词从句，与主要从句并列，即得到：

(+3) Confucius,living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, \uline{because paper was not available} until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

句中的副词从句（because后的部分）如需进一步简化，又要观察主语与动词部分。主语paper没有重复，必须保留。动词虽是be动词，可是副词从句的简化中，一旦留下主语，就得有个分词配合（传统语法称为分词构句），所以使用be动词来制造分词being，并省略连接词because，即成为简化的副词从句：

Confucius, living in the Eastern zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, \uline{paper not being available} until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

\begin{example}
    
    1. The movable-type press was invented by Gutenberg. 

    2. The movable-type press was introduced to England in 1485.

    3. This event marked the end of the Dark Ages there.
\end{example}
例中句1和句2有一个交叉：the movable-type press，可将它改写为关系词which，以关系从句方式连接：

(1+2) The movable-type press, which was invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.

这个关系从句（which引导的部分）可直接简化，省略主语which和be动词was，只保留补语invented，即为简化的形容词从句：

The movable-type press,invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.

句3中的主语this event指的就是上面整句话的那个事件。这时因为上面的句子比较长，可先加个同位语an event，再用其和句3主语the event的交叉构成关系从句，成为：

(+3) The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, \uline{an event which marked} the end of the Dark Ages there.

要进一步简化这个句子，可把重复部分an event删除，再省略关系从句的主语which，把动词marked改成分词marking：

The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, marking the end of the Dark Ages there.

\begin{example}
    
    1. Ben Kook was educated in an art college.

    2. Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

    3. Ben Kook deals with economic matters at these times.
\end{example}
句1和句2间有因果关系：因为在艺术学院读过书，所以才有与众不同的表现。在句1前加上连接词because成为副词从句，与句2的主要从句并列，成为：

(1+2) \uline{Because he was educated} in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

这个句子中，简化because引导的副词从句，可直接省略be动词，再把连接词because删去，只保留补语educated部分，成为：

Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

这个句子要与句3连结，可观察到句尾的at times就是句3结尾部分的at these times。以这个交叉改写为关系词when，构成关系从句的形态：

(+3) Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual \uline{(at times) when he deals} with economic matters.

句中括弧部分的at times是副词类，属于次要元素，又与后面的when重复，可先行省略。进一步简化做法仍是一样：把主语he省略，动词deals改成dealing。不过，由于原先的at times已经省略，所以与它重复的when不宜省略。把when留下来，即成为：

Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual \uline{when dealing} with economic matters.

\begin{example}
    
    1. I'd like something.

    2. You will meet some people.

    3. Then you can leave.
\end{example}
句1中的宾语something就是整个句2叙述的那件事，所以在句2前加上一个连接词that，成为名词从句，然后放入句1中something的位置作为like的宾语：

(1+2) I'd like \uline{that you (will) meet} some people.

1+2合并时，that从句的语气成为祈使句的语气，所以助动词will应省略成原形动词，但简化时仍变成不定词。以下例子若看到助动词上加个括弧都是同样的原因。这里的名词从句要简化时，因主语you与主要从句并无重复，所以要留下来，把它放在like后面的宾语位置。简化从句的做法是把助动词简化为不定词to V，因为语气助动词must,should,will(would),can(could),may(might)等都可改写为be+to的形式。省略be动词后就剩下to，所以上面这个从句中的will meet就改成to meet当补语用，成为：

I'd like \uline{you to meet} some people.

再把句3加上去，句3是表示时间，可以用连接词before把它改成副词从句：

(+3) I'd like you to meet some people \uline{before you (can) leave}.

这个副词从句若进一步简化，得把before留下才能表达``在……之前''的意思。但before这个连接词也可当介系词用，一旦后面的从句简化了，它就成为介系词，只能接名词形态。因此把重复的主语you省略后，原来的动词leave要改成动名词leaving的形态，成为：

I'd like you to meet some people \uline{beore leaving}.

\begin{example}
    
    1. I have not practiced very much.

    2. I should have practiced very much.

    3. I am worried about something. 

    4. I might forget something.

    5. What should I say during the speech contest?
\end{example}
句1和句2可用比较级as…as的连接词合成复句：

(1+2) I have not practiced \uline{as much as I should} (have practiced).

因为练习不够，才会造成句3``我很担心''的结果。表示这种因果关系，可以使用because的副词从句来连接。

(+3) \uline{Because I have not practiced} as much as I should, I am worried about something. 

Because引导的副词从句，简化时可把重复的主语I省略。动词部分have not practiced因为没有be动词，也没助动词，就只能加上-ing，成为not having practiced，再把连接词Because删去，成为：

\uline{Not having practiced} as much as I should, I am worried about something.

此句中，``担心的事情''something，就是句4的内容``我可能会忘记什么事''。因为something是放在介系词about的后面，要连成复句的话可以先改成about the possibility，再把句4加上连接词that，形成名词从句，作为possibility的同位语，成为：

(+4) Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried \uline{(about the possibility) that I might forget} something.

这个句子中的介系词短语about the possibility意思和下文的that从句重复，可省略。但如果要简化其后的that从句，就得把介系词about留下，简化的结果才有地方安置。that从句的简化，省去重复的主语I之后，动词might forget的简化一般是改成不定词to forget。可是现在要放在介系词about后面，不能用不定词的形态，只能改成forgetting：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried \uline{about forgetting} something.

现在，这个句子中``担心会忘记的''那件something，就是句5的问题：``演讲比赛该说什么？''只要将这个疑问句改成非疑问句，就是一个名词从句，可直接取代上句中的something，作为forget的宾语：

(+5) Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about \uline{forgetting what I should say} during the speech contest.

最后一步是简化what引导的名词从句。做法一样：省略主语I，动词should say改为不定词to say：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what to say during the speech contest.

\begin{example}
    
    1. A.Fries was the leader of the College football team then.

    2. A.Fries is the director of a football club now.

    3. A.Fries saw something.

    4. The College football team lost in the important game.

    5. A.Fries offered something.

    6. He would assume responsibility.

    7. He would tender(vt. 提供，偿还) his resignation(n. 辞职；放弃；辞职书).
\end{example}
首先，句1和句2分别叙述A.Fries当时与现在的身份。这两句在内容与句型上对仗工整，适合以对等从句方式表现，故加上对等连接词and来连接：

(1+2) A.Fries was the leader of the College football team then \uline{and he is the director} of a football club now.

对等从句的简化方法是：两从句间相对应位置如有重复，则省略一个。因此把and右边那个从句重复的he is 去掉，成为：

(A) A.Fries was the leader of the College football team then \uline{and the director} of a football club now.

这个描述A.Fries身份的句子，我们称作句A，先放着备用。下一步来组合句3和句4。句3中``A.Fries saw''的something就是整个句4的内容。所以把句4冠上连接词that成为名词从句，置于句3中取代something，作为saw的宾语：

(3+4) A.Fries saw \uline{that the College football team lost} in the important game.

that引导的这个名词从句可以如此简化：主语the College football team改为所有格留下，动词lost直接改为名词的loss，成为：

(B) A.Fries saw \uline{the College football team's loss} in the important game.

这句话我们称作句B，也先放着备用。

接下来，组合5和6两句。句5``A.Fries offered''的something，就是句6的内容。所以如法炮制把句6改成名词从句置入句5来取代something，成为：

(5+6) A.Fries offered \uline{that he (would) assume }responsibility.

这个句子可再将助动词简化为不定词to V的简化从句he be to assume，而be动词可再省略成为：

A.Fries offered \uline{to assume} responsibility.

现在就用这个句子来把前面整理的结果堆砌上去。先把句A拿出来。句A内容是描述A.Fries的职位，有补充形容其身份的功能，所以拿它做关系从句，将A.Fries改为关系词who，附于上句的主语A.Fries之后，成为：

(+A) A.Fries, \uline{who was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now}, offered to assume responsibility.

句中这个who引导的关系从句可以简化，省略主语who和be动词was，留下名词类补语（即同位语），成为：

A.Fries, \uline{the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now}, offered to assume responsibility.

``当时的学院足球队队长，现今一家足球俱乐部的主管A.Fries，表示要负责。''为什么？因为句B：``他目睹学院足球队比赛失利。''现在把句B拿出来用，它和上句的关系是因果关系，所以加上连接词because，做成副词从句与上句并列：

(+B) \uline{Because he saw} the College football team's loss in the important game, A.Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.

句子越来越长，现在简化一下。上句中because引导的副词从句，主语he和主要从句的A.Fries重复，可省略。动词saw因无be动词与助动词，可直接改为seeing，再把多余的because去掉，成为：

\uline{Seeing} the College football team's loss in the important game, A.Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.

一直未用到句7，``A.Fries打算提出辞呈''，从内容来看，它是说明上句中``负责''(assume responsibility)的方式。也就是句7应拿来修饰上句中的原形动词assume一词。``以……方式''的最佳表达是用by的介系词短语，所以把句7直接放入by的后面，不过，by是介系词，后面只能接受名词短语，所以要将句7简化为名词短语的形态。省略主语he，动词would tender因为要放在介系词后面，只能改成动名词tendering，成为：

(+7) Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A.Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility \uline{by tendering his resignation}.

简化从句是高难度句型，若能看到这里都能大致了解，句型观念可说已相当完整，欠缺的只是大量的阅读和日积月累。

\section{测试}
将下列各题中的句子写在一起成为复句或合句，再简化到最精简的地步：
\begin{multicols}{2}
    
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Ben Book was educated in an art college. (because) \\ Ben Book acts unusual. \\ Ben Book deals with economic matters. (while)
    \item I'd like something. \\ You will meet some people. (that)
    \item I'm not sure. \\ What should I do? 
    \item He worked late into the night. \\ He was trying to finish the report.(because) 
    \item The soldier was wounded in the war. (after) \\ He was sent home.
    \item He used to smoke a lot. \\ He got married. (before)
    \item I am afraid. \\ The Democratic Party might win a majority. (that)
    \item I have nothing better to do.(when) \\ I enjoy something. \\ I play poker. (that) 
    \item Mike won the contest. (when) \\ Mike was awarded ten thousand dollars.
    \item The motorcyclist was pulled over by the police car. \\ The motorcyclist did not wear a safety helmet. (who)
    \item The mayor declined. \\ The mayor was a very busy person.(who) \\ The mayor was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.(when)
    \item Tax rates are already very high.(although) \\ Tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation. 
    \item The resort town is crowded. \\ There has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season. (because) 
    \item The student had failed in two tests.(though) \\ The student was able to pass the course. 
    \item The president avoided the issue.(that) This was obvious to the audience.
    \item Anyone could tell he was upset. \\ He had the look on his face. (because)
    \item Michael Crichton is in town. \\ He is author of Jurassic Park. (who) \\ He could promote his new novel. (so that) 
    \item I am a conservative.(although) \\ I'd like to see something. \\ The conservative party is chastised in the next election.(that)
    \item The man found a fly in his soup. (when) \\ The man called to the waiter.
    \item It is a warm day.(because) \\ We will go to the beach.
\end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}

\section{参考答案}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Because he was educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while he deals with economic matters. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while dealing with economic matters.
        \item I'd like that you will meet some people. \\ $\Rightarrow$ I'd like you to meet some people.
        \item I'm not sure what I should do. \\ $\Rightarrow$ I'm not sure what to do.
        \item He worked late into the night because he was trying to finish the report. \\ $\Rightarrow$ He worked late into the night trying to finish the report.
        \item After the soldier was wounded in the war, he was sent home. \\ $\Rightarrow$ (After being) wounded in the war, the soldier was sent home.
        \item He used to smoke a lot before he got married. \\ $\Rightarrow$ He used to smoke a lot before getting married.
        \item I am afraid that the Democratic Party might win a majority. \\ $\Rightarrow$ I am afraid of the Democratic Party's winning a majority.
        \item When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy that I play poker. \\ $\Rightarrow$ When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker.
        \item When Mike won the contest, he was awarded ten thousand dollars. \\ $\Rightarrow$ (Upon) winning the contest, Mike was awarded ten thousand dollars.
        \item The motorcyclist who did not wear a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car. \\ $\Rightarrow$ The motorcyclist not wearing a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car.
        \item The mayor, who was a very busy person, declined when he was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony. \\ $\Rightarrow$ The mayor, a very busy person, declined when asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.
        \item Although tax rates are already very high, they might be raised further to rein in inflation. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Although already very high, tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
        \item The resort town is crowded because there has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season. \\ $\Rightarrow$ The resort town is crowded with an influx of tourists for the holiday season.
        \item Though the student had failed in two tests, he was able to pass the course. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Though having failed in two tests, the student was able to pass the course.
        \item That the president avoided the issue was obvious to the audience. 或 It was obvious to the audience that the president avoided the issue. \\ $\Rightarrow$ The president's avoiding the issue was obvious to the audience. 或 The president's avoidance of the issue was obvious to the audience.
        \item Anyone could tell he was upset because he had the look on his face. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Anyone could tell he was upset, with the look on his face.
        \item Michael Crichton, who is author of Jurassic Park, is in town so that he could promote his new novel. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Michael Crichton,author of Jurassic Park, is in town to promote his new novel.
        \item Although I am a conservative, I'd like to see that the conservative party is chastised in the next election. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see the conservative party chastised in the next election.
        \item When the man found a fly in his soup, he called to the waiter. \\ $\Rightarrow$ Finding a fly in his soup, the man called to the waiter.
        \item Because it is a warm day, we will go to the beach. \\ $\Rightarrow$ It being a warm day, we will go to the beach.
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}
